The budget policy is comparatively the strongest form of economic influence of the state over socio-economic development. An attempt is made to distinguish between the major theoretic achievements and open problems of this influence as a basis first for the vindication of some already rejected ideas by the theoretic community; second, to mark the lines for a more productive methodological approach to clarification of open problems, and further to a more effective state influence on the qualitatively new economic and political realities of the Twenty-first Century.